Critical Minerals and Indigenous Peoples in Africa

Social Justice & Rights-Based Angle

Indigenous Peoples in Africa are no strangers to exclusion and marginalisation. Whether these defining patterns are the reality, and for how long they will remain so, in the context of Just Transition and Critical Minerals (such as cobalt, copper, and lithium) extraction and the lived experiences of Indigenous Peoples of Africa, merits research scrutiny. Although the Just Transition concept originated in the labour movement, is more and more invoked in public discussion about decarbonisation, climate change and climate justice. It also forms part of a larger sustainability narrative on how low-carbon transitions can be implemented justly, equitably, and politically smoothly.

Potential Challenges

Considering the implications of Just Transition and Critical Minerals for land use and resource extraction, they may negatively affect Indigenous Peoples of Africa, whose land and territories are linked to these activities. This may raise two concerns for these communities: social justice concerns and ecological concerns. Regarding social justice, the concerns are set against the background of pre-existing concentrated land ownership patterns concerning Indigenous Peoples in Africa. Indigenous Peoples who are already frozen out of land use decisions at scale may still have very little to say in decisions which can change the landscape of decision-making powers. Consequently, they may face significant challenges in accessing and benefiting from Just Transition initiatives. A huge potential concern in this context is the lack of recognition and respect for their rights, including their right to free, prior, and informed consent, which can limit their ability to participate in Just Transition initiatives and benefit from them.

Ecologically, concerns may be raised regarding the effectiveness of a market-based approach to nature-based solutions, including activities such as afforestation and reforestation, signalling a green-lighting of a business-as-usual approach to emissions action. a development that Indigenous Peoples worldwide have criticised considerably. Projects linked to Just Transition and activities around the extraction of Critical Minerals may also lead to the degradation of ecosystems and the loss of biodiversity, which may have long-term consequences for human well-being and economic development. The development of large-scale infrastructure projects associated with Just Transition and Critical Minerals extraction, such as dams and roads, may also have devastating impacts on Indigenous communities, including displacement and loss of livelihoods.

Through prioritising the interests of corporations and governments over those of Indigenous Peoples, states in Africa may exacerbate the challenges faced by these communities and undermine their ability to benefit from the Just Transition.

Potential Opportunities

Just Transition and Critical Minerals is a platform for Indigenous Peoples in Africa to play a crucial role in transitioning to a more equitable and sustainable future. With their traditional knowledge and sustainable practices, they can inform sustainable development and conservation efforts.

Developing Renewable Energy Projects

Renewable energy projects, such as wind and solar power, can generate electricity and support sustainable development, creating jobs and stimulating local economies. By recognising and respecting Indigenous Peoples’ rights to their lands, territories, and resources, African states may promote sustainable development and conservation efforts, which can also help maintain the health and productivity of ecosystems, which is essential for human well-being and economic growth.

Skill Building and Capacitation

The Just Transition may also allow Indigenous Peoples to develop new skills and capacities, such as renewable energy technicians, sustainable agriculture specialists, and eco-tourism operators. By providing training and capacity-building programs, African states may help Indigenous Peoples take advantage of the opportunities presented by the Just Transition and create sustainable livelihoods.

Green Infrastructure

Indigenous Peoples may also benefit from developing green infrastructure, such as green buildings and sustainable transportation systems. These infrastructure projects can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable development while providing economic benefits for local communities. By incorporating traditional knowledge and practices into the design and implementation of green infrastructure projects, Indigenous Peoples may help ensure that these projects are culturally sensitive and responsive to local needs.

Economic Opportunities

The extraction of Critical Minerals, such as cobalt, copper, and lithium, may provide economic opportunities for African Indigenous Peoples. Through participating in the mining sector, Indigenous Peoples may generate income and create jobs, which can help to reduce poverty and improve living standards.